Tell us what you are looking for.Start a conversation
Standing Lawyers— home

Service

Debtor Recovery and Receivables

Overdue invoices pursued through the route that actually fits the debtor and the amount, from a structured demand to a statutory notice, a delayed payment reference or an insolvency application.

A ledger of overdue invoices is rarely one problem. It is a handful of customers who will pay with a phone call, a few who need a formal demand, one or two who are genuinely disputing the work, and usually one that is insolvent and will pay nobody. Treating all of them the same way is what makes recovery expensive.

India gives a creditor several routes and they are not interchangeable. A dishonoured cheque, a delayed payment to a registered small enterprise, a commercial suit, an arbitration under the contract and an insolvency application against a corporate debtor all have different thresholds, timelines and consequences. The choice is a commercial one before it is a legal one.

Who this is for

  • Companies carrying a receivables ledger where the ageing has quietly moved past a hundred and eighty days.
  • Registered micro and small enterprises owed money by larger buyers, who have a statutory route most of them never use.
  • Suppliers holding dishonoured cheques and post dated instruments that were never acted on within time.
  • Businesses whose customer has stopped answering, changed its registered office, or begun paying selectively.
  • Companies that have won an award or a decree and have discovered that winning and being paid are separate exercises.
  • Finance teams who need the ledger triaged before deciding what to write off and what to pursue.

Where recovery goes wrong

  • Everything sent to a lawyer, or nothing. Both are expensive. A ledger needs triage, because the account that needs a statutory notice and the account that needs a phone call are rarely the same account.
  • Limitation running out quietly. A debt has a limitation period, part payments and written acknowledgements restart it, and companies routinely discover this after it has expired.
  • Cheque dishonour windows missed. A prosecution under the Negotiable Instruments Act runs on short and strict timelines from the dishonour memo and the demand notice, and a day late is fatal.
  • The small enterprise route left unused. A registered micro or small supplier has a delayed payment reference available with interest at a statutory rate, and most eligible suppliers simply do not use it.
  • Pre institution mediation ignored. A commercial suit not involving urgent interim relief requires mediation first, and a plaint filed without it is exposed.
  • Insolvency used as a threat and then filed anyway. An insolvency application against a corporate debtor is not a collection tool, there is a minimum default threshold, and a genuine pre existing dispute will defeat it.
  • No security taken when the relationship was good. Recovery is decided long before default, by whether anyone took a guarantee, a charge or a post dated instrument while the customer still wanted the order.

What’s included

  • Ageing and triage of the receivables ledger, sorted by recoverability rather than by size
  • Establishing the documentary position on each account: contract, purchase order, delivery proof, acceptance, invoice, ledger confirmation and correspondence
  • Limitation review across the ledger, including which acknowledgements and part payments have restarted the clock
  • Structured pre legal demand and follow up, escalating in a defined sequence rather than by whoever remembers to call
  • Statutory demand notices, and notices under the Negotiable Instruments Act on dishonoured cheques within the prescribed period
  • Delayed payment references for registered micro and small enterprises, including the interest claim at the statutory rate
  • Pre institution mediation under the commercial courts framework, which is compulsory where no urgent relief is sought
  • Invoking arbitration where the contract provides for it, including the notice and the appointment process
  • Demand notices and applications under the insolvency framework against corporate debtors, where the default meets the threshold
  • Recovery from personal and corporate guarantors, and enforcement of any security that was taken
  • Enforcement of awards and decrees, which is a separate exercise from obtaining them
  • Settlement negotiation at every stage, because most of these matters end in a settlement rather than a judgment
  • Instructing and coordinating with counsel for anything requiring appearance before a court or tribunal
  • Monthly written reporting on every account under mandate, with what was done and what it produced

How it runs

  1. Triage the ledger before writing a single notice

    We go through the accounts and sort them by what will actually work: which have complete documentation, which are within limitation, which debtors are solvent, which are registered small enterprises with a statutory route available, and which are genuinely disputed and should be treated as disputes rather than collections. This step regularly removes a third of a ledger from the expensive path.

  2. Fix the paper trail where it is thin

    Recovery is decided by documents. Before pressure is applied we get the file into a state that will hold: proof of delivery and acceptance, a ledger confirmation or an acknowledgement that restarts limitation, and correspondence that does not concede a dispute where none exists. A notice sent on a weak file teaches the debtor that the file is weak.

  3. Apply the route that fits the debtor

    Each account gets the pressure that suits it: a structured demand sequence, a notice on a dishonoured cheque within its window, a delayed payment reference where the supplier is registered, arbitration under the contract, or an insolvency demand where the default crosses the threshold and the debtor is genuinely unable to pay. Where court or tribunal appearance is needed, counsel is instructed and we run the file behind them.

  4. Settle, enforce, and report

    Most of these end in a negotiated settlement, and a settlement is only worth what it is secured by, so terms are documented with security and default consequences rather than left as a promise. Where a matter has gone to award or decree, enforcement is treated as its own exercise. You get written monthly reporting throughout on every account under mandate.

FAQs

Should we just file an insolvency application? It seems to make people pay.

Sometimes, and it is also the route most often misused. An application by an operational creditor under the insolvency framework requires a default above the prescribed minimum threshold, a demand notice served first, and no genuine pre existing dispute. That last point defeats a great many applications: if the debtor raised a quality or a quantity complaint before your notice, and it is not obviously spurious, the application is liable to be rejected and you have spent money to be told so. It is also a poor tool for a solvent customer you want to keep. Where a corporate debtor genuinely cannot pay and the default is clear, it is a powerful route. Where it is being used as a collection threat against a customer with a real dispute, it usually costs more than it recovers.

We are a registered small enterprise. Is the delayed payment route worth using?

For most eligible suppliers, yes, and it is startling how few use it. A registered micro or small enterprise supplying goods or services is entitled to payment within the statutory period, and beyond it to compound interest at a multiple of the Reserve Bank rate, which is materially higher than commercial interest. The reference goes to the facilitation council in the supplier's state, which conciliates and then arbitrates, and an award is enforceable. The practical points are that your registration must have been in place at the time of supply, the buyer will often settle once the interest exposure is explained to it, and the process is considerably cheaper than a suit.

How long do we have before it is too late?

For a simple money claim on an invoice, the ordinary limitation period runs three years from when the payment fell due, and it is shorter than most finance teams assume. Two things extend it. A written acknowledgement of the debt before the period expires, which a signed ledger confirmation or a balance confirmation letter can amount to, restarts the clock from the date of that acknowledgement. So does a part payment in certain circumstances. A cheque dishonour prosecution runs on much shorter windows measured from the dishonour memo and the statutory demand, and missing those is not curable. If you have not reviewed your ledger against limitation, that is the first thing worth doing, because it decides what is still worth pursuing.

The customer says the work was defective. Is that the end of it?

No, but it changes what this is. A raised defence, however thin, moves the account out of collections and into a dispute, and it needs to be dealt with on the facts: what was ordered, what was delivered, what was accepted, when the complaint was first made, and whether it was made before or after payment fell due. A complaint first raised in response to a demand notice reads very differently from one raised on delivery. We assess it honestly, including where the customer has a point, because pursuing a defective delivery as though it were a clean debt is how a creditor ends up paying costs.

Do you take these on a share of what is recovered?

No. Our Fee and Refund Policy rules out contingency and success fees and rules out taking any interest in the subject matter of a claim, so the fee is agreed in writing against the work rather than against the outcome. On a debtor ledger that is a feature rather than a limitation. An adviser paid a percentage has an interest in pursuing every account, including the ones that should be written off, and the most valuable thing we produce on a ledger is usually the list of accounts not worth chasing. We tell you at the assessment stage what we think each account is worth doing and on what basis, and that list is honest precisely because we are not paid out of the result.

Enquiries

Ready to talk about Debtor Recovery and Receivables?

A 30-minute conversation is usually enough to establish where you stand and what it will take.

Start a conversation